The list was compiled by researchers, including Ruth Patterson, PhD, RD, of the Cancer Prevention Research Program at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. Patterson and colleagues studied 73,000 people aged 50 to 76 in western Washington state. Each person filled out a 24-page questionnaire covering height, weight, and a battery of health conditions.
Based on the responses, the researchers calculated body mass index (BMI) to gauge participants' total body fat. Among the women, almost 60% were overweight or obese. For the men, nearly 73% were overweight or obese. Overweight BMI ranges from 25-29.9; obese BMI is at least 30.
Few participants -- less than 10% for both genders -- said they were current smokers. Almost all (93%) were white, and 42% said they had completed at least 16 years of education.
Weight-Related Health Problems
Higher BMI was tied to 37 out of 41 health conditions for women and 29 out of 41 for men. "Of the conditions examined, 90% were associated with increased BMI in women and 71% in men," write the researchers in the December issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.
For women, morbid obesity (defined as a BMI of 35 or greater) was shown to be associated with a more than 12-fold risk of diabetes, an almost 12-fold risk of knee replacement, a sixfold risk of heart failure, a fivefold risk of high blood pressure and gallbladder removal, and a fourfold risk of potentially life-threatening clots to the lungs, chronic fatigue/lack of energy, and insomnia. Morbidly obese men had a similar list. With the strongest associations seen in diabetes (eightfold risk), knee replacement (sixfold), high blood pressure (sixfold), heart failure (fourfold), and fatigue and lack of energy and insomnia (fourfold).
Morbidly obese men had slightly lower rates of enlarged prostate.
Time's Toll
The group only included older adults, and it's not known when their weight problems started. Adding a pound or two every year or so may sound harmless, but as the study shows, it all adds up over time.
Some conditions, such as high blood pressure, might be caused by excess weight. Others could be part of a vicious cycle. "For example, depression may result in weight gain, which can lead to depression," write the researchers, calling for "effective and practical" ways to prevent weight gain and fight obesity.
SOURCES: Patterson, R. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, December 2004; vol 27: pp 385-390. News release, Center for the Advancement of Health. By Miranda Hitti
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